INTRODUCTION:
Chandrayaan 2 is India’s second lunar
exploration mission after Chandrayaan 1. Developed by the Indian space research
organisation (ISRO), the mission was launched from the second launch pad at
Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22nd July 2019 at 2:43 P.M. IST (09:13 UTC) to the moon by Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk-III). The planned orbit has a very perigee of 169.7 km and an
apogee of 45475 km. It consists of a lunar orbiter, lander and rover, all
developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map the location and
abundance of lunar water.
The lander and the rover will land near lunar
south pole in a high plane between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a
latitude of about 70 degree south on 7th September, 2019 . The wheeled
rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on – site chemical
analyses for a period of 14 days (1 Lunar Day). It can relay data to earth
through the chandrayaan -2 orbiter and
lander, which will fly on the same lauch. The orbiter will keep working
on its mission for 1 year in a circularized lunar polar orbit of
100*100 km.
Launch of Chandrayaan 2 was originally
scheduled for 14 July 2019 at 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 2:51 IST) but was called
off due to technical snag notice around 56 minutes before launch. It was
launched on 22 July 2019 14:43 IST (09:13 UTC) from the Salish Dawan Space
Centre at Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.
A successful landing would make India the 4th
country to achieve a soft landing on the moon after the space agency of the USSR,
US and CHINA. If successful, chandrayaan 2 will be the southernmost lunar
landing, aiming to land at 67 degree South or 70 degree south latitude.
HISTORY:
On 12th
November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscomos) and
ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the
Chandrayaan-2 projects. ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The Indian government
approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September
2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The design of the spacecraft
was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a
joint review.
Although ISRO finalised the payload
for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule, the mission was postponed in January 2013 and
rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.
Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to
Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were
also used in the lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed. When Russia cited
its inability to provide the Lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the
lunar mission independently.
The spacecraft’s launched
had been scheduled for March 2018, but was first delayed to April and then to
October to conduct further tests on the vehicle. On 19 June 2018, after the
program’s fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in
configuration and landing sequence were
planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019. Two
of the lander’s legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February
2019.
Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially schedule
for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time),with the landing expected
on 6 September 2019. However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and rescheduled to 22 July 2019.
The technical glitch was later clarified to be
a leak in the 'nipple joint' of the helium gas bottle. The leak was not serious
enough to impair the mission, however "abundant caution" was
exercised due to the importance of the mission. It is speculated that the leak might
have been caused due to the micro-shrinkage of the joint which could occur at low
temperature. The proximity of the 'nipple joint' to the oxidiser tank, which contains
liquid oxygen at -183°C, could have induced such a low temperature. Chandrayaan-2
was successfully launched on board by the GSLVMk-III M1 launch vehicle on 22 July 2019
at 09:13 UTC (14:43IST).
OBJECTIVES:
The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-2
are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover
on the surface. Scientific goals include studies of lunar topography, mineralogy,
elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.
The orbiter will map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The
on board radar will also map the surface while studying the water ice in the south
polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface. Chandrayaan-2 will
in form the location and Abundance of lunar water for exploitation by the future
lunar base proposed by the Artemis program.
DESIGN:
The mission is planned to fly on a Geosynchronous
Satellite Launch Vehicle MarkIII (GSLVMk III) with an approximate lift-off mass
of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island. As
of June 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of Rs 978 crore
(approximately US $141 million) which includes 603 crore for space segment and 375 crore as launch costs on GSLVMk-III. Chandrayaan-2 stack would be initially put
in an Earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee and 40,400 km apogee by the launch vehicle.
It will then perform orbit-raising operations followed by trans-lunar injection
using it's own power.
The orbiter will orbit the
Moon at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi). The orbiter carries five scientific
instruments. Three of them are new, while two others are improved versions of those
flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch
mass will be 2,379 kg (5,245 lb). The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct
high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander
from the orbiter. The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June 2015.
VIKRAM LANDER:
The mission's lander is called
Vikram named after Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the father
of the Indian space programme.
The Vikram lander will detach
from the orbiter and descend to a lunar orbit of 30 km×100 km (19 mi×62 mi) using its
800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines. It will then perform a comprehensive check of
all its on-board systems before attempting a soft landing, deploy the rover, and
perform scientific activities for approximately 14 days. The approximate combined
mass of the lander and rover is 1,471 kg (3,243 lb).
The preliminary configuration
study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC)
in Ahmedabad. The lander's propulsion system consists of eight 50 N (11 lbf) thrusters
for attitude control and five 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from
ISRO's 440 N (99 lbf) Liquid Apogee Motor. Initially, the lander design employed four
main liquid engines, but a centrally mounted engine was added to handle new requirements
of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine is expected
to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing. Vikram can safely
land on slopes upto 12°.
Some associated technologies
include a high resolution camera, Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC),
Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC), an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine,
attitude thrusters, Ka band radio altimeter (KaRA), Laser Inertial Reference &
Accelerometer Package (LIRAP), and the software needed to run these components.
Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial test’s in late
October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka. ISRO created
roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors
to select a landing site.
Dimensions: 2.54×2×1.2m
Gross lift-off mass: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)
Propellant mass: 845 kg (1,863 lb)
Drymass: 626 kg(1,380 lb)
Power generation capability: 650 W
PRAGYAN ROVER:
The mission's rover is called
Pragyan. The
rover's mass is about 27 kg (60 lb) and will operate on solar power. The rover will
move on 6 wheels traversing 500 meters on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm\sec, performing on-site chemical analysis and sending the data to the lander,
which will relay it to the Earth station.
SUBMITTED BY:
SHYAMA DINESHAN
SUSHMITHA K
SUSHMITHA M
VEEKSHITH P
YOGISHA K
YOGISHA K
TEJA
Reference: Journal
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