History of Astronaut Selection
Man’s scope of space exploration
has broadened since the first U.S. manned space flight in 1961. But the nation
will never forget the original seven pilots who focused our vision on the
stars. In 1959, NASA asked the military services to list their members who met
specific qualifications. In seeking its first astronauts, NASA required jet
aircraft flight experience and engineering training. Height should be no more than
5feet 11 inches because of limited cabin space available in the mercury space
capsule being designed. After many intense physical and psychological
screenings, NASA selected seven men from an original field of 500 candidates.
They were Air Force Captains L. Gordon
Cooper Jr., Virgil “Gus” Grissom and Donald K. “Deke” Slayton, Marine
Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn Jr., Navy Lieutenant M. Scott Carpenter and
Navy Lieutenant Commanders Walter M. Schirra Jr., Alan B. Shepard.
By 1964, prime emphasis had shifted away from flight experience and toward superior academic qualification. Applicants were invited on the basis of educational background alone. These were the scientist astronauts, so called because, as a minimum, applicants were required to have a doctorate level degree equivalent experiences in the natural sciences, medicine or engineering.
By 1964, prime emphasis had shifted away from flight experience and toward superior academic qualification. Applicants were invited on the basis of educational background alone. These were the scientist astronauts, so called because, as a minimum, applicants were required to have a doctorate level degree equivalent experiences in the natural sciences, medicine or engineering.
Since selection of the first
class of astronauts, many men and women have pursued and realized their dreams
of flying in space. Thus all began by submitting their applications to become
astronauts.
Basic Qualification Requirements
The Astronaut Candidate selection process was developed to select highly qualified individuals for human space programs. Astronaut Candidates are selected on an as needed basis. Both civilian and military personnel are considered for the program. Applicants, all of whom must be citizens of the United States, must meet a series of minimum requirements.
The requirements for Astronaut
Candidates are a bachelor degree from an accredited institution in engineering,
biological science, physical science or mathematics. Quality of academic
preparation is important. Degree must be followed by at least 3 years of
related, progressively responsible, professional experience or at least
1,000 hours of pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft. An advanced degree is
desirable and may be substituted for experience as follows: master’s degree 1
year of experience, doctoral degree 3 years of experience. Teaching experience, including
experience at the k-12 levels, is considered to be qualifying experience for
the Astronaut Candidate position: therefore, educators are encouraged to apply.
Additional requirements include
the ability to pass the NASA long-duration space flight physical, which
includes the following specific requirements: Distant and near visual acuity
must be correctable to 20/20 in each eye, blood
pressure not to exceed 140/90 measured in a sitting position, and the
candidate must have a standing height between 62 and 75 inches.
Applicants for the Astronaut
Candidate Program must meet the basic education requirements for NASA
engineering and scientific positions, specifically, successful completion of
standard professional curriculum in an accredited college or university leading
to at least a bachelor’s degree with major study in an appropriate field of
engineering, biological sciences, or mathematics. The following degree fields,
while related to engineering and the sciences, are not considered qualifying:
degrees in technology (engineering technology, aviation technology, medical
technology, etc.); degrees in psychology (except for clinical psychology,
physiological psychology, which are qualifying); degrees in nursing; degrees in
exercise physiology and similar fields; degrees in social sciences(geography,
anthropology, archaeology, etc.); and degrees in aviation, aviation management
or similar fields.
Astronaut
selection and training
Following the preliminary screening of applications, a week long process of personal interviews, medical screening, and orientation are required for both civilian and military applicants under final consideration. Once final selections have been made, all applicants are notified of the outcomes.
Selected applicants
are designated Astronaut Candidates and are assigned to the Astronaut Office at
the Johnson Space Centre (JSC) IN Houston, Texas. The Astronaut Candidate
undergo a training and evaluation period lasting approximately 2 years. During
this time they will participate in the basic Astronaut Candidate training
program, which is designated to develop the knowledge and skills required for
formal mission training upon selection for a flight. Military proficiency in
NASA aircraft during their candidate period.
As a part of Astronaut
Candidate training program, candidates are required to complete military water
survival before beginning their flying syllabus, and become SCUBA qualified to
prepare them for spacewalk. Consequently, all Astronaut Candidates are required
to pass a swimming test during their first month of training. They must swim 3
lengths of a 25-metre pool without stopping, and then swim 3 lengths of the
pool in a flight suit and tennis shoes with no time limit. They must also tread
water continuously for 10 minutes wearing a flight suit.
Candidates are also
exposed to the problems associated with high (hyperbaric) and low (hypobaric)
atmospheric pressures in the altitude chambers and learn to deal with
emergencies associated with these conditions. In addition, Astronaut Candidate
are given exposure to the microgravity of space flights in a modified jet
aircraft as it performs parabolic manoeuvres that produce periods of
weightlessness for about 20 seconds. The aircraft then returns to the original
altitude and the sequence is repeated up to 40 times in a day.
Final selection as an astronaut
will depend upon satisfactory completion of the training evaluation period.
Graduation from the Astronaut Candidate Program will require successful
completion of the following: International Space Station systems training,
Extravehicular Activity skills training, Robotics skills training, Russian
Language training, and aircraft flight readiness training. Civilian candidates
who successfully complete the training and evaluation and are selected as
astronauts become permanent Federal employees. Civilian candidates who are not
selected s astronauts may be placed in other positions within NASA, depending
upon agency requirements and workforce constraints at that time. Equal opportunity
in employment means opportunity not just for some but for all. NASA provides
equal opportunity in Federal employment regardless of race, colour, gender,
national origin, religion, age, non-disqualifying physical or mental
disability, genetic information, sexual orientation, status as a parent, or
gender identity.
Pay and
Benefits
Salaries for civilian Astronaut
Candidates are based on the Federal Government’s General Schedule pay scales
for grades GS11 through GS14, and are set in accordance with each individual’s
academic achievements and work experience. Selected military personnel will be
detailed to JSC, but will remain in an active duty status for pay, benefits,
leave, and other similar military matters.
Astronaut
Responsibilities
Astronauts are involved in all aspects of on-orbit operations of the International Space Sation (ISS). This includes extravehicular activities (spacewalks), robotics operations using the remote manipulator system, experiment operations, and onboard maintenance tasks. Astronauts are required to have a detailed knowledge of the space station systems, as well as detailed knowledge of the operational characteristics, mission requirements and objectives, and supporting systems and equipment for each experiment on their assigned missions. Long-duration missions aboard the space station generally last from 3 to 6 months. Training for long-duration missions is arduous and takes approximately 2 to 3 years beyond the initial training and evaluation period. This training requires extensive travel, including long periods in other countries training with our international partners. Tips to and from the space station will initially be aboard other future spacecraft presently being developed.
Astronaut
Formal Training
The astronaut begin their formal
training program during their year of candidacy by reading training manuals and
by taking computer-based training lessons on the various vehicle systems.
The next step in the training
process involves the spacecraft systems trainers. The astronauts are trained to
operate each system, to recognize malfunctions, and to perform corrective
actions if needed.
The Sonny Carter Training
Facility, or Neutral Buoyancy laboratory (NBL), provides controlled neutral
buoyancy operations in the facility water tank to simulate the zero-g or
weightless condition that is experienced by the crew during space flight. It is
an essential tool for the design, testing, and development of the International
Space Station and future NASA programs. For the astronaut, the facility
provides important preflight training in becoming familiar with planned crew
activities and with the dynamics of body motion under weightless conditions in
order to perform spacewalks.
Several full-scale mockups and
trainers are also used to train astronauts. These mockups and trainers are used
for onboard systems orientation and habitability training. Astronauts practice
meal preparation, equipment stowage, trash management, use of cameras, and
experiment operations.
Astronauts, who are pilots
maintain flying proficiency by flying 15 hours per month in NASA’s fleet of
two-seat T38 jets. Non-pilot astronauts fly a minimum of 4 hours per month. The
T38 is used for flight readiness training to help the astronauts become
adjusted to the flight environment, including the g-forces experienced on
launch.
The astronaut training is
designed to prepare personal for space flight on the International Space
Station, Russian Soyuz spacecraft, NASA’s Orion vehicle, and future spacecraft.
International
Space Station Program Description
The International Space Station
is the largest international scientific and technological endeavor ever
undertaken. The space station is a permanent scientific laboratory in which
gravity, temperature and atmospheric pressure can be manipulated for scientific
and engineering pursuits impossible in ground-based laboratories.
The International
Space Station marked its 10th anniversary of continuous human
occupation on Nov.2, 2010. Since Expedition 1, which launched in October 2000,
the space station has been visited by more than 200 individuals, travelled more
than 1.5 billion miles (equivalent to eight to the Sun) and orbited the Earth
more than 60,000 times.
NASA and the world have learned
much about building in space and about how humans and spacecraft systems
function on orbit. But there is much more to do and learn. The voyage of
research and discovery is just beginning as NASA shifts its focus from assembly
to scientific research, technology development, exploration, commerce, and
education.
Aboard the orbiting laboratory,
crew members pursue novel avenues of research and development that impact
medical research, advance materials and processes to benefit industries on
Earth, and can accelerate breakthroughs in technology and engineering that have
proven themselves as practical applications for life on Earth.
The station continuous to expand
the boundaries of space research. The unique capabilities of its laboratories
will lead to discoveries that will benefit missions farther into outer space.
Using the station to study human endurance in space and test new technologies
and techniques, NASA will prepare for longer journeys to other destinations,
such as Mars and beyond.
21st
Century Astronauts
The astronauts of the century
will continue to work aboard the International Space Station in cooperation
with the international partners; help to build and fly a new NASA vehicle, the
Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) designed for human deep space
exploration; and further NASA’s efforts to partner with industry to provide a
commercial capability for space transportation to the space station.
The Orion MPCV draws from more
than 50 years of spaceflight experience and is designed to meet the evolving
needs of our nation’s future human space exploration program. Orion features
dozens of technology advancements and innovations that have been incorporated
into the spacecraft’s subsystem and component design and includes both crew and
service modules, a spacecraft adaptor, and a revolutionary launch abort system
that will significantly increase crew safety. Its life support, propulsion,
thermal protection, and avionics systems, in combination with other deep space
elements, will enable extended duration deep space missions. These systems have
been developed to make possible the integration of new technical innovations as
they become available.
Orion will be capable of carrying
astronauts on diverse expeditions beyond Earth’s orbit-ushering in a new era of
human space exploration.
NASA is in the process of
identifying possible near-Earth asteroids to explore with the goal of visiting
an asteroid in 2025. With that goal, and keeping in mind that the plan is to
send a robotic precursor mission to the asteroid approximately five years before
humans arrive, NASA will need to select the first set of targets to explore
within the next decade.
INDIAN ASTRONAUTS
During the mid-80’s
Rakesh Sharma proved to be a pioneer in the field of piloting. He was the first
Indian to venture in to the space and bring a new perspective to the country.
Though it is long ago Rakesh undertook the Historical journey to space, it is
still remembered among the people. Owing to his dedication and struggle, he
became a part of most distinctive space program that involved only best
military cadets. The Inter cosmos Research Team was a program conducted by
Soviet Union and included active participation from allied countries such as
India, Syria and France. Rakesh Sharma was now chosen for this assignment and
ever since he has been an inspiration to upcoming cosmonauts.
Kalpana Chawla an Indian-American
astronaut and the first Indian woman in space was the one of the seven
astronauts who lost their life in the space shuttle Columbia disaster on Feb1,
2003. A role model for many young for her incredible journey from Karnal, where she
was born, to NASA where she become an astronaut to fulfil her dream of
reaching the stars.
Collected By:
Sindhhu D G
Tashhreefa
Vidya Saraswathi A
Vinutha
Source: Internet
