INDIA BASED NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY

 India based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a particle physics research project under construction to primarily study atmospheric neutrinos in a 1,200 meters (3900 ft) deep cave under INO Peak near Theni in Tamil Nadu, India. This project is notable in that it is anticipated to provide a precise measurement of neutrino mixing parameters. The project is a multi-institute collaboration and one of the biggest experimental particle physics project undertaken in India.

The project was originally to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of Rs 1500 crores (US $ 209.7 million), has been cleared by the ministry of environment for construction in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni District in Tamil Nadu. Although delayed, the project is underway as of 2015.

When completed, the magnetised iron calorimeter (ICAL) experiment will include the world’s largest magnet, four times larger than the 12,500-tonne magnet in the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.

IRON CALORIMETER (ICAL) DETECTOR:

The main experiment proposed at the INO is the Iron-Calorimeter Detector which aims to probe the earth matter effects on the propagation of atmospheric neutrinos and to determine neutrino oscillation parameters in the 2-3 oscillation sectors. ICAL will be a 50000 tonne magnetised detector with iron as the passive detector element and the resistive plate chambers (RPCs) as the active detector elements. That is, the neutrinos will interact with iron to produce final state particles which have charge and will record the signals and these signals which have position and timing information will help us reconstruct the tracks and/or showers and thus the energy and directions of the final state particles and also the incident neutrinos.

The ICAL design is mostly based on the Monolith detector. ICAL detector will have three modules, each module will have 151 layers of iron and 150 layers of RPCs stacked one over the other. The dimension of the entire detector will be 48m x 16m x 14.5m. The detector, owing to its huge size, will require around 30000 glass RPCs for the purpose of charged particle detection. ICAL being a neutrino detector will be situated underground to reduce the cosmic ray muon signal.

The location of INO has attracted a lot of attention from the neutrino physics community as the distance between INO and CERN is very close to “magic baseline” - a distance at which the effect of the CP phase on the measurement is minimal. But the major physics advantage of INO ICAL is its ability to measure neutrino mass hierarchy via studying atmospheric neutrinos. Currently ICAL is the only proposed magnetised detector which can resolve mass hierarchy via studying the survival of muon neutrinos and anti-neutrinos.

NEUTRINO:

A neutrino is a fermion that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity. The neutrino is so named because its rest mass is so small. The weak force has a very short range, the gravitational interaction is extremely weak, and neutrinos, as leptons, do not participate in the strong interaction. Thus, neutrinos typically pass through normal matter unimpeded and undetected.

Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of the three leptonic flavors; electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos, in association with the corresponding charged lepton. Although neutrinos were long believed to be massless, it is now known that there are three discrete neutrino masses with different tiny values, but they do not correspond uniquely to the three flavours. A neutrino created with a specific flavour has an associated specific quantum superposition of all three mass states.

For each neutrino, there also exists a corresponding antiparticle, called an anti neutrino, which also has half-integer spin and no electric charge. They are distinguished from the neutrinos by having opposite signs of leptons number and chirality. To conserve total lepton number, in nuclear beta decay, electron neutrinos appear together with only positrons (anti electrons) or electron – antineutrinos, and electron antineutrinos with electrons or electron neutrinos.

Neutrinos are created by various radioactive decays, including the following:

1. In beta decay of atomic nuclei or hadrons.

2. During a supernova.

3. In the spin-down of neutron star.

4. When accelerated particle beams or cosmic rays strike atoms.

The majority of neutrinos detected in the vicinity of the earth are from nuclear reaction in the sun.

In the vicinity of the Earth, about 65 billion solar neutrinos per second pass through every square centimetre perpendicular to the direction of the sun.

 HISTORY

The possibility of a neutrino observatory located in India was discussed as early as 1989 during several meetings held at that year. The issue was raised again in the first meeting of the neutrino physics and the cosmology working group during the workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP-6) held at Chennai in January 2000 and it was decided then to collates concrete ideas for a neutrino detector.

Further discussions took place in August 2000 during a meeting on Neutrino Physics at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, when a small group of neutrino physics enthusiasts started discussing the possibilities. The neutrino 2001 meeting was held in the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, during February 2001 with the explicit objective of bringing the experimentalists and theorists in this field together. The INO collaboration was formed during this meeting. The first formal meeting of this collaboration of this meeting was held in Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, during 6^th and 7^th September 2001 at which various subgroups were formed to study the detector options and electronics, physics goals and simulations, and site survey.

On 18^th October 2010, the Ministry of Environment and Forests approved both environment and forest clearance for setting up the observatory in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu.

On 5^th January 2015, union cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved to set up the India Based Neutrino Observatory (INO).

Reference:

Internet

Mathrubhumi G K & Current Affairs

Submitted by

Indraj Yatheendran

Gokul Das T

Abhijith K Tomy

Anusree C

Amrutha K T

Gopika A K

NOBEL LAUREATES IN LASER - 2018

INTRODUCTION
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term “LASER” originated as an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”. The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore. H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.

A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be a focused to a tight spot, enabling application such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances, enabling applications such as laser pointers and lidar.

Lasers are used in optical disk drives, laser printers barcode scanners, DNA sequencing instruments, fiber-optic and free–space optical communication, laser surgery and skin treatment, cutting and welding materials, military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and speed, and laser lighting displays for entertainment. They have been used for car headlamps on luxury car, by using a blue laser and a phosphor to produce highly directional white light.

THE THREE NOBEL LAUREATES IN LASER

The 2018 Nobel prize in Physics on October 2 ,2018 was awarded to Arthur Ashkin of USA , Gerard Mourou of France  and Donna Strickland of Canada, making her the third woman to receive the prestigious award. The trio of laureates won the prize for groundbreaking inventions in the field of physics.

ARTHUR  ASHKIN

Arthur Ashkin born on 2 September 1922, is an American Scientist and Nobel laureate who worked at Bell laboratories and Lucent Technologies. Ashkin has been considered by many as the father of optical tweezers, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 at the age of 96, becoming the oldest Nobel Laureate. He resides in Rumson, New Jersey.

Ashkin started his work on manipulation of microparticles with laser light in the late 1960s which resulted in the invention of optical tweezers in 1986. He also pioneered the optical trapping process that eventually was used to manipulate atoms, molecules and biological cells. The key phenomenon is the radiation pressure of light; this pressure can be dissected down into optical gradient and scattering forces.

On October 2, 2018, Arthur Ashkin was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on optical trapping sharing it with Donna Strickland and Gerard Mourou who received the other half of that year’s prize. Ashkin was honoured for his invention of optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. With this he was able to use the radiation pressure of light to move physical objects, ‘an old dream of science fiction’, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.

At 96, he is the oldest Nobel Prize Laureate to be awarded the prize. Ashkin was awarded half of the prize while half was shared between Gerard Mourou and Donna Strickland for their work on Chirped-Pulse Amplification, a technique “now used in laser machining enables doctors to perform millions of corrective laser eye surgeries every year.”

GERARD MOUROU

Gerard Albert Mourou born on 22 June 1944, is a French Scientist and pioneer in the field of Electrical Engineering and Lasers. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, along with the Donna Strickland, for the invention of Chirped-Pulse Amplification, a technique later used to create ultrashort pulse, very high intensity laser pulses.

In 1994, Mourou and his team at the University of  Michigan discovered that the balance between the self-focusing refraction and self-attenuating diffraction by ionisation and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities in the atmosphere creates “Filaments” which act as waveguides for the beam thus preventing divergence.


Mourou and Strickland found that stretching a laser out reduced its peak power, which could then be greatly amplified using normal instruments. It could then be compressed to create the short lived, highly powerful lasers they were after. The technique, which was described in Strickland’s first scientific publication, came to known as Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA). They were probably unaware at the time that tools would make it possible to study natural phenomenon in unprecedented ways. CPA could also per definition be used to create a laser pulse that only lasts one attosecond, one billionth of a billionth of second. At those timescales, it became possible not only to study chemical reactions, but what happens inside individual atoms.

The Guardian and Scientific American Provided Simplified Summaries of the work of Strickland and Mourou: it “paved the way for the shortest, most intense laser beams ever created”. “The ultrabrief, ultrasharp beams can be used to make extremely precise cuts so their technique is now used in laser machining and enables doctors to perform millions of corrective” laser eye surgeries. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeu acknowledge the achievements of Mourou and Strickland: “Their innovative work can be found in applications including corrective eye surgery, and is expected to have a significant impact on cancer therapy and other physics research in the future.”

DONNA STRICKLAND

Donna Theo Strickland born on 27 May 1959, is a Canadian Optical Physicist and pioneer in the field of Pulsed Lasers. She is a Professor at the University of Waterloo.

She served as fellow, vice president, and president of The Optical Society, and is currently chair of their Presidential Advisory Committee. In 2018, she was listed as one of BBC’s 100 Women. She became the third woman ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, after Marie Curie  in 1903 and Maria Goeppert Mayer  in 1963. Strickland and Mourou published their pioneering work "Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses" in 1985, while Strickland was still a doctoral student under Mour.

When she received the Nobel Prize, many commentators were surprised that she had not reached the rank of full professor. In response, Strickland said that she had "never applied" for a professorship; "it doesn't carry necessarily a pay raise… I never filled out the paperwork… I do what I want to do and that wasn't worth doing.

TOOLS MADE OF LIGHT

The Inventions being honoured this year have revolutionised laser physics. Extremely small objects and incredibly fast process now appear in a new light. Not only Physics, but also Chemistry, Biology and Medicine have gained precision instruments for use in basic research and practical applications.

WHAT THEY DID?
The Nobel was divided between two major innovations in Laser Technology. Lasers are devices that create and amplify a single source of light. Light that comes out of a laser is one colour, or one wavelength, and does not spread out or weaken the way a flashlight beam would.

Immediately after the invention of lasers in 1960’s Ashkin started trying to, manipulate objects with light, he discovered that small translucent particles could be pushed using the force from a laser beam particles first were trapped in the centre of a beam, and then pinned in place using another laser aimed from the opposite direction. These optical tweezers   could then be used to control and direct individual cells, viruses, proteins, and even atoms.

Strickland and Mourou worked together on laser amplification, producing the shortest and most intense bursts of laser energy ever created by humans. In research that would be used for Strickland‘s doctoral thesis, the pair manipulated beams of light to make them more powerful.

WHY IT MATTERS?
These innovations in light give researchers access to manipulate and study interactions that are too tiny and too fast for conventional methods.

Lasers are used daily in laboratories around the world. Ashkin’s optical tweezers enable scientists to cut, move, contain and inspect particles like strands of DNA and individual cell organelles.

Mourou and Strickland’s CPA method has been used to help millions of people with laser eye surgery and the cameras that use their technology can capture chemical interaction or even electrons in motion around an atom.

CONCLUSION
The inventions being honoured this year have revolutionized Laser Physics. Extremely small objects and incredibly rapid processes as now being seen in a new light. Advanced precision instruments are opening up unexpected areas of research and multitude of industrial and medical applications.

The work of Ashkin, Mourou and Strickland really does fulfill Alfred Nobel’s that the prizes recognize work that has been of the “greatest benefit to mankind”. 

Reference

Journals 

Internet

Submitted by

1.       POOJA KALAL

2.       PRIYANKA VIJAYAN

3.       RESHMA P K

4.       RESHMA RAJAN N

5.       SANGEETHA M

6.       SHILPA A

7.       SHREEVALLI M
Submitted date :21-08-2019

CHANDRAYAAN - 2

 INTRODUCTION:

Chandrayaan 2 is India’s second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan 1. Developed by the Indian space research organisation (ISRO), the mission was launched from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22^nd July 2019 at 2:43 P.M.  IST (09:13 UTC) to the moon by Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk-III). The planned  orbit has a very perigee of 169.7 km and an apogee of 45475 km. It consists of a lunar orbiter, lander and rover, all developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map the location and abundance of lunar water.

The lander and the rover will land near lunar south pole in a high plane between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude of about 70 degree south on 7^th September, 2019 . The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on – site chemical analyses for a period of 14 days (1 Lunar Day). It can relay data to earth through the chandrayaan -2 orbiter and  lander, which will fly on the same lauch. The orbiter will keep working on its mission  for  1 year in a circularized lunar polar orbit of 100*100 km.

Launch of Chandrayaan 2 was originally scheduled for 14 July 2019 at 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 2:51 IST) but was called off due to technical snag notice around 56 minutes before launch. It was launched on 22 July 2019 14:43 IST (09:13 UTC) from the Salish Dawan Space Centre at Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.

A successful landing would make India the 4^th country to achieve a soft landing on the moon after the space agency of the USSR, US and CHINA. If successful, chandrayaan 2 will be the southernmost lunar landing, aiming to land at 67 degree South or 70 degree south latitude.

HISTORY:

On 12^th November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscomos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 projects. ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule, the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time. Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed. When Russia cited its inability to provide the Lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.

The spacecraft’s launched had been scheduled for March 2018, but was first delayed to April and then to October to conduct further tests on the vehicle. On 19 June 2018, after the program’s fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019. Two of the lander’s legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019.

Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially schedule for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at  02:51 IST local time),with the landing expected on 6 September 2019. However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and rescheduled to 22 July 2019.

The technical glitch was later clarified to be a leak in the 'nipple joint' of the helium gas bottle. The leak was not serious enough to impair the mission, however "abundant caution" was exercised due to the importance of the mission. It is speculated that the leak might have been caused due to the micro-shrinkage of the joint which could occur at low temperature. The proximity of the 'nipple joint' to the oxidiser tank, which contains liquid oxygen at -183°C, could have induced such a low temperature. Chandrayaan-2 was successfully launched on board by the GSLVMk-III M1 launch vehicle on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43IST).

  

 OBJECTIVES:

The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Scientific goals include studies of lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice. The orbiter will map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The on board radar will also map the surface while studying the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface. Chandrayaan-2 will in form the location and Abundance of lunar water for exploitation by the future lunar base proposed by the Artemis program.

DESIGN:

The mission is planned to fly on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle MarkIII (GSLVMk III) with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island. As of June 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of Rs 978 crore (approximately US $141 million) which includes 603 crore for space segment and 375 crore as launch costs on GSLVMk-III. Chandrayaan-2 stack would be initially put in an Earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee and 40,400 km apogee by the launch vehicle. It will then perform orbit-raising operations followed by trans-lunar injection using it's own power.

 ORBITER:

The orbiter will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi). The orbiter carries five scientific instruments. Three of them are new, while two others are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass will be 2,379 kg (5,245 lb). The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter. The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June 2015.  

VIKRAM LANDER:

The mission's lander is called Vikram named after Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the father of the Indian space programme.

The Vikram lander will detach from the orbiter and descend to a lunar orbit of 30 km×100 km (19 mi×62 mi) using its 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines. It will then perform a comprehensive check of all its on-board systems before attempting a soft landing, deploy the rover, and perform scientific activities for approximately 14 days. The approximate combined  mass of the lander and rover is 1,471 kg (3,243 lb).

The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad. The lander's propulsion system consists of eight 50 N (11 lbf) thrusters for attitude control and five 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N (99 lbf) Liquid Apogee Motor. Initially, the lander design employed four main liquid engines, but a centrally mounted engine was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine is expected to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing. Vikram can safely land on slopes upto 12°.

Some associated technologies include a high resolution camera, Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC), Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC), an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine, attitude thrusters, Ka band radio altimeter (KaRA), Laser Inertial Reference & Accelerometer Package (LIRAP), and the software needed to run these components. Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial test’s in late October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.

Dimensions: 2.54×2×1.2m

Gross lift-off mass: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)

Propellant mass: 845 kg (1,863 lb)

Drymass: 626 kg(1,380 lb)

Power generation capability: 650 W

PRAGYAN ROVER: 

The mission's rover is called Pragyan. The rover's mass is about 27 kg (60 lb) and will operate on solar power. The rover will move on 6 wheels traversing 500 meters on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm\sec, performing on-site chemical analysis and sending the data to the lander, which will relay it to the Earth station.

     

SUBMITTED BY:

SHYAMA DINESHAN
SUSHMITHA  K

SUSHMITHA M

VEEKSHITH P
YOGISHA K 

TEJA

Reference: Journal

                          Internet
https://medium.com

                                              

UAV (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES)

INTRODUCTION

Drones have been around for years and they are used for different purposes and can be of help in numerous occasions. However, these devices have become more popular in recent times and their application increases rapidly in various fields. But first of all let's answer the main question: "What is a drone and how we can define it?"

The word ‘drones' has several different meanings and it origins from old English word darn, which means 'male bee'. Drone is an aircraft that does not have a pilot but is controlled by someone on the ground, used especially for dropping bombs or for surveillance. Drones are more formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UASes). Essentially, a drone is a flying robot. The aircrafts may be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.

Physics behind the drone: Drones uses rotors for propulsion and control. We can think rotor as a fan. If you observe drone, you will find that each drone consist of four rotors. The spinning blades push the air, down. Of course, all the forces come in pair, which means that as the rotor pushes down on the air, the air pushes up the rotor. This is the basic idea behind lift, which comes down to controlling the upward and downward force. The faster the rotor spins, the greater is the Lift, and vice-versa. For a drone to hover, the net thrust of the four rotors pushing the drone must be equal to the gravitational force pulling it down. For the descending of the drone, the process is exactly opposite: i.e, simply decreasing the rotor thrust (speed) so the net force is downward.    

Uses have included remote sensing for Earth Sciences studies, hyper spectral imaging’s for agriculture monitoring, tracking of severe storms and serving as telecommunications relay platforms.

An agricultural drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle applied to farming in order to help increase crop production and monitor crop growth. Sensors and digital imaging capabilities can give farmers a richer picture of their fields. Thus, these views can assist in assessing crop growth and production. Some of the main applications are given below:

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Drones are now being used to capture footage that would otherwise require expensive helicopters and cranes. Fast paced action and sci-fi scenes are filmed by aerial drones, thus making cinematography easier. These autonomous flying devices are also used in real estate and sports photography. Furthermore, journalists are considering the use of drones for collecting footage and information in live broadcasts.

SHIPPING AND DELIVERY

Major companies like Amazon, UPS, and DHL are in favor of drone delivery. Drones could save a lot of manpower and shift unnecessary road traffic to the sky. Besides, they can be used over smaller distances to deliver small packages, food, letters, medicines, beverages and the like.

                                 

GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING

Available to amateurs and professionals, drones can acquire very high-resolution data and download imagery in difficult to reach locations like coastlines, mountaintops, and islands. They are also used to create 3D maps and contribute to crowd sourced mapping applications.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Drones provide quick means, after a natural or man-made disaster, to gather information and navigate debris and rubble to look for injured victims. Its high definition cameras, sensors, and radars give rescue teams access to a higher field of view, saving the need to spend resources on manned helicopters. Where larger aerial vehicles would prove perilous or inefficient, drones, thanks to their small size, are able to provide a close-up view of areas.

PRECISION AGRICULTURE

Farmers and agriculturists are always looking for cheap and effective methods to regularly monitor their crops. The infrared sensors in drones can be tuned to detect crop health, enabling farmers to react and improve crop conditions locally, with inputs of fertilizer or insecticides. It also improves management and effectuates better yield of the crops. 

SEARCH AND RESCUE

Presence of thermal sensors gives drones night vision and makes them a powerful tool for surveillance. Drones are able to discover the location of lost persons and unfortunate victims, especially in harsh conditions or challenging terrains. Besides locating victims, a drone can drop supplies to unreachable locations in war torn or disaster stricken countries. For example, a drone can be utilized to lower a walkie-talkie, GPS locator, medicines, food supplies, clothes, and water to stranded victims before rescue crews can move them to some  place else.

WEATHER FORECAST

Drones are being developed to monitor dangerous and unpredictable weather. Since they are cheap and unmanned, drones can be sent into hurricanes and tornadoes, so that scientists and weather forecasters acquire new insights into their behavior and trajectory. Its specialized sensors can be used to detail weather parameters, collect data, and prevent mishaps.

WILDLIFE MONITORING

Drones have served as a deterrent to poachers. They provide unprecedented protection to animals, like elephants, rhinos, and big cats, a favorite target for poachers. With its thermal cameras and sensors, drones have the ability to operate during the night. This enables them to monitor and research on wildlife without causing any disturbance and provides insight on their patterns, behavior, and habitat.

LAW ENFORCEMENT

Drones are also used for maintaining the law. They help with the surveillance of large crowds and ensure public safety. They assist in monitoring criminal and illegal activities. In fact, fire investigations, smugglers of migrants, and illegal transportation of drugs via coastlines, are monitored by the border patrol with the help of drones.

SUBMITTED BY:

Thushara R B

Yogini E

Pradeep A

Sahana D

REFERENCES:

TELL ME WHY (monthly)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle

https://www.allerin.com